Germination Ecology and Ecology-based Management of Fimbristylis miliacea (L.) in Lowland Rice: A Review

Fimbristylis miliacea (L.) Vahl, commonly referred to as globe fringerush, member of the Cyperaceae family, is a significant and widespread sedge weed in rice cultivation. This C4 plant is characterized by its tall, annual or perennial growth, featuring a fibrous root system and smooth stems, often producing vigorous tillers reaching heights of 80-90 cm. Seedlings of F. miliacea typically emerge shortly after rice is planted, with flowering occurring within about a month, capable of producing a second generation within the same growing season. Found extensively throughout tropical regions, especially in lowlands, F. miliacea thrives in environments such as rice fields, shallow water along ditches, and streams, notably prevalent across South and Southeast Asia, as well as Australia. This weed presents enduring challenges across diverse agro-ecosystems due to its various ecotypes, prolific seed production, rapid germination, vigorous growth, strong competitive abilities and allelopathic interactions. Temperature is a critical factor significantly influencing seed germination of F. miliacea which exhibits non-deep physiological dormancy. Light is essential for the germination of this weed showing positive photoblastic behaviour. F. miliacea thrives in saturated soils but fails to emerge from depths greater than one cm, emphasizing the importance of shallow tillage to manage weed emergence effectively. Effective weed management hinges on a deep understanding of the factors that favour its emergence and establishment. Adopting the germination ecology-based practices such as tillage, stale seed bed preparation, optimal planting density, water management and nutrient management can significantly improve the management of F. miliacea.